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首頁 // 行業(yè)動態(tài) // Nature新文章與Science“叫板” 致癌因素里環(huán)境和運(yùn)氣誰更重要?

Nature新文章與Science“叫板” 致癌因素里環(huán)境和運(yùn)氣誰更重要?

發(fā)布日期:2016-01-05  瀏覽次數(shù):3506  

Nature新文章與Science“叫板” 致癌因素里環(huán)境和運(yùn)氣誰更重要?

近日,來自紐約州立大學(xué)石溪分校的一個由多領(lǐng)域?qū)<医M成的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在國際學(xué)術(shù)期刊Nature上發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)最新研究進(jìn)展,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了新證據(jù)表明外部風(fēng)險因素,比如環(huán)境暴露以及個人行為在絕大部分癌癥的發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要作用。這一研究或?qū)τ谥朴啺┌Y預(yù)防和研究策略,保護(hù)公眾健康具有重要意義。
 
2015年1月份一篇發(fā)表在國際學(xué)術(shù)期刊Science上的研究認(rèn)為各個組織中可導(dǎo)致癌癥風(fēng)險增加的大部分變異都?xì)w因于"壞運(yùn)氣",而進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)最新研究的研究人員使用相同數(shù)據(jù)對導(dǎo)致癌癥風(fēng)險的因素進(jìn)行了重新分析卻得出了相反的結(jié)論,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分癌癥都是外部風(fēng)險因素所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。
 
文章作者Dr. Hannun這樣說道:"細(xì)胞內(nèi)的DNA發(fā)生突變可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞生長失控,進(jìn)而引發(fā)癌癥,但癌癥的發(fā)生同時是一個復(fù)雜問題。作為科研領(lǐng)域的研究人員我們應(yīng)當(dāng)建立可靠的分析模型對可能導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)生的內(nèi)部和外部因素進(jìn)行科學(xué)分析。"因此他們組建了一支由應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì),醫(yī)學(xué),病理及生物化學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)<医M成的綜合研究團(tuán)隊(duì),開發(fā)了四種方法用以評估癌癥風(fēng)險因素。通過這四種方法他們得出結(jié)論,大部分癌癥的發(fā)生主要?dú)w因于外部風(fēng)險因素,只有10%~30%是由隨機(jī)突變或內(nèi)部因素所導(dǎo)致。
 
首先,研究人員利用一種數(shù)據(jù)分析方法重新檢測了Science文章報道的終生患癌風(fēng)險與正常組織干細(xì)胞分裂之間的定量關(guān)系。如果內(nèi)部風(fēng)險因素發(fā)揮主要作用,那么具有相似的干細(xì)胞分裂狀態(tài)的組織就會表現(xiàn)出類似的終生患癌風(fēng)險。但研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這一模式是一種罕見情況,因此他們認(rèn)為內(nèi)部因素只在大約10%的癌癥中扮演關(guān)鍵角色。這些結(jié)果也得到了大量流行病學(xué)證據(jù)的支持:研究表明從低癌癥發(fā)生率國家向高癌癥發(fā)生率國家遷移的移民會在新的國家中獲得更高的癌癥風(fēng)險。
 
研究人員還利用數(shù)學(xué)方法調(diào)查分析了最近關(guān)于癌癥突變特征的研究,這些突變特征就像不同突變過程留在癌細(xì)胞基因組上的"指紋",保存有很多信息。研究人員在不同類型的癌癥中共發(fā)現(xiàn)大約30種不同特征。他們對這些特征進(jìn)行了分析,并根據(jù)可能導(dǎo)致其發(fā)生的內(nèi)部或外部因素進(jìn)行了分類。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)只有一小部分癌癥含有超過50%的內(nèi)部突變,大部分癌癥,如結(jié)腸癌,肺癌,膀胱癌以及甲狀腺癌都包含大量可能由外界因素導(dǎo)致的突變。
 
該團(tuán)隊(duì)還分析了SEER(surveillance, epidemiclogic and end results program)數(shù)據(jù),該數(shù)據(jù)表明許多癌癥的發(fā)生率和致死率都在增長,表明外部因素對這些癌癥有很大貢獻(xiàn)。
 
最后,基于一些已知可能導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)生的基因突變以及它們來源于內(nèi)部因素的可能性,研究人員使用計(jì)算模型詳細(xì)分析了癌癥發(fā)生過程中內(nèi)部因素的貢獻(xiàn)。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)癌癥的發(fā)生需要三個或更多突變時,內(nèi)部因素不足以解釋他們所觀察到的患癌風(fēng)險,這表明內(nèi)部因素在許多癌癥的發(fā)生中只占很小比例。
 
整個研究的目的在于通過多種方法評估外部和內(nèi)部致癌因素的貢獻(xiàn)程度,而結(jié)果表明對于絕大多數(shù)癌癥來說外部因素起主導(dǎo)作用,這項(xiàng)研究對于制訂癌癥預(yù)防研究策略,保護(hù)公眾健康都有重要意義。

 
 
 
Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development
 
Song Wu,Scott Powers,Wei Zhu & Yusuf A. Hannun
 
Recent research has highlighted a strong correlation between tissue-specific cancer risk and the lifetime number of tissue-specific stem-cell divisions. Whether such correlation implies a high unavoidable intrinsic cancer risk has become a key public health debate with the dissemination of the 'bad luck' hypothesis. Here we provide evidence that intrinsic risk factors contribute only modestly (less than ~10-30% of lifetime risk) to cancer development. First, we demonstrate that the correlation between stem-cell division and cancer risk does not distinguish between the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We then show that intrinsic risk is better estimated by the lower bound risk controlling for total stem-cell divisions. Finally, we show that the rates of endogenous mutation accumulation by intrinsic processes are not sufficient to account for the observed cancer risks. Collectively, we conclude that cancer risk is heavily influenced by extrinsic factors. These results are important for strategizing cancer prevention, research and public health.
 
 
 
Variation in cancer risk among tissues can be explained by the number of stem cell divisions
 
Cristian Tomasetti1,*, Bert Vogelstein
 
Some tissue types give rise to human cancers millions of times more often than other tissue types. Although this has been recognized for more than a century, it has never been explained. Here, we show that the lifetime risk of cancers of many different types is strongly correlated (0.81) with the total number of divisions of the normal self-renewing cells maintaining that tissue's homeostasis. These results suggest that only a third of the variation in cancer risk among tissues is attributable to environmental factors or inherited predispositions. The majority is due to "bad luck," that is, random mutations arising during DNA replication in normal, noncancerous stem cells. This is important not only for understanding the disease but also for designing strategies to limit the mortality it causes.



轉(zhuǎn)自生物谷
原文鏈接:http://news.bioon.com/article/6676312.html
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